Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I. Intellectual Obstacles to the Notion of Early Transoceanic Contacts
1. The Myth of the Oceans as Uncrossable Barriers
2. Before Columbus, the Earth was “Flat”? Flat Wrong
3. Conveyor Belts of the Seas: The Prevailing Winds and Currents
4. Staying Alive While Crossing the Deep
5. Getting the Drift: Accidental Voyages and Discoveries
6. No Plague in the Land? The Alleged American Absence of Old World Communicable Diseases
7. Why Most Domesticated Animals and Plants Stayed Home
8. Low Tech: The Absences of Many Old World Inventions in the New World
9. More on the Whys of Technological Absences
10. The Mystery of the Missing Artifacts
11. The Supposed Silence of the Historical Record
12. The “Silent” Historical Record Speaks: Documents Possibly Describing Pre-Columbian Crossings
Part II. Means: The Types and Availabilities of Watercraft and Navigation
13. Some Nautical Myths and Issues
14. The Myth of the Inadequacy of Pre-Columbian Watercraft
15. It’s Earlier Than You Think: The Antiquity of Seagoing Watercraft
16. Have Sail, Will Travel: The Origins, Types, and Capabilities of Sails and Rigs
17. Products of the Paleolithic: Rafts
18. Out of the Ice Age: Skin Boats of the North
19. Mesolithic and Neolithic Legacies: Dugouts and Lashed-Plank Watercraft
20. Hulled Wooden Ships East and West: The Junk and the Nao
21. Modern Experimental Voyages: The Empirical Approach
22. Asea without a Compass: Celestial Way-Finding
23. A Matter of Course: Seamarks and Haven-Finding
Part III. Motives for Ocean Crossings
24. Repellants
25. Attractants
Part IV. Opportunity for Exchange: Concrete Demonstrations of Contacts
26. Shared Physical Materials, Domesticated Animals, and Diseases
27. Shared Cultigens: From New into Old (World)
28. Cultivated Plants: Old World Cropping Up in the New
29. Tobacco, Coca, and Cannabis: The Mummies Speak, but the Scientists Stand Mute
30. Old World Faces in New World Places
31. Incongruous Genes in America
Part V. Conclusions
32. Mission Possible: Crossings Occurred
Notes
Works Cited
Index